Assessment of the Societal Value of Generations - May 2002
Toffler Associates, Manchester, MA
An independent assessment of the societal value of several R&D activities associated with the Generations Initiative was conducted by Toffler Associates. A summary of results presents synopses of three case studies and the background behind the assessment. Each case study is also presented in viewgraph format.
Download the summary.
Download case studies: Bacterial Infectivity, Kidney Health, Technological Advances.

The Effects of Microgravity on Cells - 2002
Eduardo Almeida, NASA Ames Research Center
This paper is a brief literature review of the effects of gravity and microgravity on a range of cell types.
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The Impact of Gravity on Life - 2002
Emily Morey-Holton, NASA Ames Research Center
This review paper looks at advances in knowledge of how organismal development is affected by the force of gravity. Organisms ranging from the single-cell E. coli to humans are discussed. The paper focuses on four main questions: What is gravity? What happens to life when gravity changes? Is gravity necessary for life as we know it? Did gravity play a role in the evolution of life on Earth?
Download the article and the accompanying figures.